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The architecture of a classic IoT system consists of three main layers. The first layer is physical (sensing), where sensors record environmental parameters such as temperature, pressure, geolocation, or a person’s heart rate. The second layer is networking, responsible for transmitting the collected information via wireless channels (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 5G, LoRaWAN) to cloud platforms or edge servers (Edge Computing). The third layer is application-based, where the collected colossal amounts of big data are analyzed by machine learning algorithms to optimize processes and make automated decisions. It is this layer that ensures that a smart home turns on its heating on time and that a city’s traffic lights adjust their phases based on traffic density.
The development of next-generation communication networks is the main catalyst for the large-scale implementation of self-driving cars, telemedicine, and robotic factories. Ultra-high data transfer rates and minimal signal latency allow devices to exchange information in real time, guaranteeing absolute precision in process control over distances. A detailed analysis of trends in the development of telecommunications infrastructure and smart cities is available on the training resource https://thebetnella.net .
